Construction
NAICS 23 Construction: industry structure, IIJA impact, labor dynamics, top contractors, and building trends.
Industry at a Glance
Sector-wide aggregates across all businesses classified under NAICS 23 (2017 classification frame). For specific sub-industries within this sector, see the individual reports below.
Industry Overview
NAICS 23 covers the construction of buildings, infrastructure, and specialty trade work across residential, commercial, industrial, and public sectors. The sector is structured in three subsectors: building construction (NAICS 236), heavy and civil engineering (NAICS 237), and specialty trade contractors (NAICS 238), with specialty trades—electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, and concrete workers—accounting for the majority of establishments. Bechtel, Fluor Corporation, and Turner Construction rank among the largest general contractors by revenue, while specialty firms like EMCOR Group and Quanta Services dominate electrical and infrastructure trades. The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) authorized $550 billion in new federal spending on highways, bridges, broadband, and water systems over five years, creating the largest sustained public construction pipeline since the Interstate Highway era. OSHA's construction-specific standards (29 CFR 1926) govern jobsite safety, with the construction sector consistently recording the highest number of workplace fatalities by industry. Geographically, Texas, California, and Florida lead in construction spending and permit activity, reflecting population growth and commercial development concentration in Sun Belt metros.
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Industry Trends
IIJA and CHIPS Act spending is creating a multi-year pipeline of public and industrial construction—TSMC's $40 billion Arizona fab complex, Intel's $20 billion Ohio expansion, and Micron's $100 billion New York project are among the largest active jobsites in the country.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) mandates are spreading from federal GSA projects to state DOTs and large private owners, with Autodesk Revit and Bentley Systems platforms becoming baseline requirements for design-build teams on projects above $10 million.
Mass timber construction under the 2021 International Building Code allowances for tall wood buildings (up to 18 stories) is gaining ground, with projects like Ascent in Milwaukee (25 stories) demonstrating structural viability and embodied-carbon reductions compared to steel and concrete.
Skilled-trade pipeline programs are expanding through registered apprenticeships—the Department of Labor reported over 600,000 active construction apprentices, the highest in two decades—and union training centers operated by IBEW, UA Plumbers, and the Laborers' International Union (LIUNA).
Construction insurance and bonding costs have risen sharply due to catastrophic weather losses and social inflation in liability verdicts, with surety capacity tightening for mid-size contractors and professional liability premiums increasing 15-25% annually in high-risk geographies.
Available Reports
4 industry reports available for purchase under Construction.
Construction of BuildingsNAICS 2362 reports▾
Specialty Reports Available on Request
31 specialty industriesavailable on request▾
Subsectors
Browse deeper into the NAICS hierarchy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is NAICS 23? ▾
How is the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act affecting construction demand? ▾
Why are construction labor shortages so persistent? ▾
What are the main safety regulations governing construction sites? ▾
How do interest rates and economic cycles impact different construction subsectors? ▾
Related Guides
Electricians earn a median $30.38/hour ($63,190/year, BLS OEWS May 2025). Salary by experience and state, plus how electrician pay compares to other trades.
HVAC technician median wage is $28.75/hr (BLS OEWS, 2024). Pay by specialization and certification, what affects it, and how HVAC compares to other trades.
Get verified average plumber salary data from federal sources. Median Plumber Hourly Wage: $30.27/hr (BLS OEWS, May 2024).
Verified construction industry trends from federal data. 8.3M+ workers (BLS, 2024). Employment, material costs, technology, and market outlook for US
Construction profit margin data from industry benchmarks. 3–7% net margin (2024). Cost factors, specialty comparisons, and trends affecting construction
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