NAICS 23

Construction

NAICS 23 Construction: industry structure, IIJA impact, labor dynamics, top contractors, and building trends.

Industry at a Glance

Sector-wide aggregates across all businesses classified under NAICS 23 (2017 classification frame). For specific sub-industries within this sector, see the individual reports below.

Employment
7.7M
US Census CBP · 2023 · NAICS 2017
Establishments
815K
US Census CBP · 2023 · NAICS 2017
Annual Payroll
$586.6B
US Census CBP · 2023 · NAICS 2017
Avg Annual Wage
$76,580
Derived from US Census CBP · 2023 · NAICS 2017
Market Size
$2.9T
US Census Economic Census · 2022 · NAICS 2017
gdp share
4.4%
BEA GDP-by-Industry · 2025 · NAICS 2017
value added
$1.3T
BEA GDP-by-Industry · 2025 · NAICS 2017

Industry Overview

NAICS 23 covers the construction of buildings, infrastructure, and specialty trade work across residential, commercial, industrial, and public sectors. The sector is structured in three subsectors: building construction (NAICS 236), heavy and civil engineering (NAICS 237), and specialty trade contractors (NAICS 238), with specialty trades—electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, and concrete workers—accounting for the majority of establishments. Bechtel, Fluor Corporation, and Turner Construction rank among the largest general contractors by revenue, while specialty firms like EMCOR Group and Quanta Services dominate electrical and infrastructure trades. The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) authorized $550 billion in new federal spending on highways, bridges, broadband, and water systems over five years, creating the largest sustained public construction pipeline since the Interstate Highway era. OSHA's construction-specific standards (29 CFR 1926) govern jobsite safety, with the construction sector consistently recording the highest number of workplace fatalities by industry. Geographically, Texas, California, and Florida lead in construction spending and permit activity, reflecting population growth and commercial development concentration in Sun Belt metros.

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Market sizing, workforce analysis, competitive landscape, regulatory environment — all sourced from Census, BLS, FRED, and SEC EDGAR.

Industry Trends

$40B

IIJA and CHIPS Act spending is creating a multi-year pipeline of public and industrial construction—TSMC's $40 billion Arizona fab complex, Intel's $20 billion Ohio expansion, and Micron's $100 billion New York project are among the largest active jobsites in the country.

$10M

Building Information Modeling (BIM) mandates are spreading from federal GSA projects to state DOTs and large private owners, with Autodesk Revit and Bentley Systems platforms becoming baseline requirements for design-build teams on projects above $10 million.

03

Mass timber construction under the 2021 International Building Code allowances for tall wood buildings (up to 18 stories) is gaining ground, with projects like Ascent in Milwaukee (25 stories) demonstrating structural viability and embodied-carbon reductions compared to steel and concrete.

IBEW

Skilled-trade pipeline programs are expanding through registered apprenticeships—the Department of Labor reported over 600,000 active construction apprentices, the highest in two decades—and union training centers operated by IBEW, UA Plumbers, and the Laborers' International Union (LIUNA).

25%

Construction insurance and bonding costs have risen sharply due to catastrophic weather losses and social inflation in liability verdicts, with surety capacity tightening for mid-size contractors and professional liability premiums increasing 15-25% annually in high-risk geographies.

Specialty Reports Available on Request

31 specialty industriesavailable on request
▾
New Single-family Housing Construction (Except For-sale Builders)
236115View →
New Multifamily Housing Construction (Except For-sale Builders)
236116View →
New Housing For-sale Builders
236117View →
Residential Remodelers
236118View →
Industrial Building Construction
236210View →
Commercial & Institutional Building Construction
236220View →
Water & Sewer Line & Related Structures Construction
237110View →
Oil & Gas Pipeline & Related Structures Construction
237120View →
Power & Communication Line & Related Structures Construction
237130View →
Land Subdivision
237210View →
Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction
237310View →
Other Heavy & Civil Engineering Construction
237990View →
Poured Concrete Foundation & Structure Contractors
238110View →
Structural Steel & Precast Concrete Contractors
238120View →
Framing Contractors
238130View →
Masonry Contractors
238140View →
Glass & Glazing Contractors
238150View →
Roofing Contractors
238160View →
Siding Contractors
238170View →
Other Foundation, Structure, & Building Exterior Contractors
238190View →
Electrical Contractors & Other Wiring Installation Contractors
238210View →
Plumbing, Heating, & Air-conditioning Contractors
238220Report →
Other Building Equipment Contractors
238290View →
Drywall & Insulation Contractors
238310View →
Painting & Wall Covering Contractors
238320View →
Flooring Contractors
238330View →
Tile & Terrazzo Contractors
238340View →
Finish Carpentry Contractors
238350View →
Other Building Finishing Contractors
238390View →
Site Preparation Contractors
238910View →
All Other Specialty Trade Contractors
238990View →

Frequently Asked Questions

What is NAICS 23? ▾
NAICS 23 is the Construction sector, covering building construction (236), heavy and civil engineering (237), and specialty trade contractors (238). It includes general contractors, design-build firms, and trade subcontractors that erect, renovate, and maintain structures and infrastructure. The sector directly employs over 8 million workers and its output ripples through lumber, steel, concrete, and equipment supply chains across NAICS 31-33 and 42.
How is the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act affecting construction demand? ▾
The IIJA authorized $550 billion in new federal infrastructure spending over five years across highways, bridges, rail, broadband, airports, and water systems. As of 2025, over 60,000 projects have been announced or funded. The Federal Highway Administration and state DOTs are the primary contracting channels. The spending is concentrated in heavy/civil engineering (NAICS 237), directly benefiting large contractors like Granite Construction, Kiewit, and Flatiron while creating subcontracting demand for smaller firms.
Why are construction labor shortages so persistent? ▾
Several structural factors converge: an aging workforce (the median construction worker is over 42), reduced vocational training in public schools since the 1990s, competition from other industries offering comparable wages with less physical risk, and immigration policy that has constrained the flow of workers who historically filled labor-intensive roles. The Associated Builders and Contractors estimates the industry needs roughly 500,000 additional workers annually beyond normal pace to meet project demand through the IIJA cycle.
What are the main safety regulations governing construction sites? ▾
OSHA's construction standards under 29 CFR 1926 cover fall protection, scaffolding, excavation, electrical safety, and personal protective equipment. Construction accounts for roughly one in five workplace fatalities annually despite employing about 5% of US workers. The 'Fatal Four'—falls, struck-by, electrocution, and caught-in-between incidents—cause over 60% of construction deaths. OSHA's updated silica exposure standard (effective 2018) and heat illness rulemaking (proposed 2024) represent the most significant recent regulatory expansions.
How do interest rates and economic cycles impact different construction subsectors? ▾
Residential construction is the most interest-rate-sensitive subsector: mortgage rate increases above 7% in 2023 suppressed single-family starts by roughly 20% from 2021 peaks. Commercial construction follows corporate investment and office vacancy cycles—remote work has depressed new office construction while industrial warehouse building boomed. Heavy/civil engineering is the most counter-cyclical subsector because public spending often increases during downturns and IIJA funding provides a multi-year floor independent of private market conditions.

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